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Stem cells: a new strategy for treatment of(2)

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Fig.2 Two core processes in multicellular life

Now, we can abstract all behaviors of our body into two fundamental processes and draw a conclusion that the essence of multicellular life may be considered as a highly regulated energy metabolism based on SCPD(Fig.2).Although energy metabolism can afford all energy for all of our behaviors and organ functions in our body, it should not be denied that the whole process of energy metabolism can be imitated in , the SCPD is the fundamental characteristic in the multicellular creatures which differentiate them from non-living , we can launch a bold declaration that all of our behaviors including all physiologies and pathologies are based on the interrelationships between energy metabolism and , the interrelationships between energy metabolism and SCPD are so complicated and similar to that of yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).In other words, energy metabolism and SCPD are both relatively independent and inseparable processes in multicellular energy metabolism, the basic materials and energy for SCPD are not available; without SCPD, energy metabolism cannot proceed in our , both processes appear to be necessary to sustain multicellular life.As for SCPD, it is a vital physiological process for resisting pathogen invasion and self-repairing from infection while the abnormality of SCPD will afford the opportunities for the occurrences of infection.

SCPD is needed to maintain the integrity of mucosal barriers, which protect against pathogen invasion

The general idea is that the immune system is the main defense against the pathogen invasion while we should note that the immune system must rely on the normality of SCPD.The immune system is divided into the innate immune system, which provides non-specific immunity and is presented in most organisms, and the adaptive immune system, which provides specific immune responses and is only presented in higher pathogens initially encounter the innate immune system, which primarily consists of mucosal barriers and particular, the mucosal layer is the first barrier against the pathogen invasion for damaging or destroying the mucosal barrier is the initial step of pathogen invasion, which will lead to the exposure of submucosal tissue and elicitation of an inflammatory inflammatory reactions will lead to further destruction of the mucosal barrier and exacerbation of the the human body, all mucosal barriers,including skin mucosa, respiratory mucosa, intestinal mucosa, and urethral mucosa are made of epithelial cells also have the capacity of example, skin epithelial cells are renewed every 2 weeks, and intestinal epithelial cells are renewed every 3-5 epithelial cells die, the mucosal stem cells will produce new somatic cells by proliferation and new cells will take the place of dead cells, thereby maintaining mucosal barrier the early stage of infection, epithelial cells die because of pathogen this time, multipotent or/and unipotent stem cells will undergo accelerated proliferation and differentiation, resulting in the production of somatic cells that replace the dead cells, the maintenance of mucosal barrier integrity, and the resistance to pathogen the production of new somatic cells cannot keep pace with the death of older cells, the mucosal barrier will be damaged or destroyed, and pathogens continue to destroy cells and tissues as they triggers a submucosal inflammatory response and the progression of infection in the human host.

Stem cells produce immune cells against specific pathogens by proliferation and differentiation

White blood cells are the main cells for wiping off the invading pathogens in our , blood cells, as the specialized cells, are the products of are two main types of human white blood cells that resist pathogen invasion: granulocytes (neutrophils,eosinophils, and basophils), which have nonspecific immune functions, and lymphocytes (T cells, B cells,and natural killer cells), which have specific immune cells can proliferate, and are classified as unipotent stem , the initiation of pathogen invasion activates specific lymphocytes to begin proliferation and differentiation, and these newly produced lymphocytes play roles in elimination of the , lymphocyte differentiation is an important physiological process that protects against pathogen , which can phagocytize pathogens and necrotic tissues, are a specialized type of somatic cells that cannot undergo proliferation and , granulocytes are derived from bone marrow stem cells, which can continue to produce granulocytes by particular, bone marrow stem cells differentiate into different intermediate cell types (myeloblasts and progranulocytes), which then differentiate into course, bone marrow stem cells can also differentiate into lymphocytes, and these cells can move to spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and other regions where they undergo further differentiation.

When the mucosal barriers are destroyed by pathogen invasion, there is a localized inflammatory the early stage of inflammation, granulocytes infiltrate the damaged tissue and phagocytize pathogens, and this helps to prevent pathogen , lymphocyte infiltration occurs, and this adaptive immune response kills specific of the immune cells,being recruited to this local inflammatory tissue, will the death of these immune cells, bone marrow stem cells produce new granulocytes and lymphocytes to compensate for the dead cells, and the continued production of these cells reduces the inflammatory response and gradually eliminates the invading , chemotherapy, hematological malignancies, and certain other diseases inhibit the processes of bone marrow SCPD.In such cases, serum levels of granulocytes and/or lymphocytes may decline,or these cells may develop functional abnormalities,making the body more vulnerable to this condition persists, bacteria will multiply and spread,possibly leading to opportunistic infections, bacteremia,sepsis, septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and even death.In such cases, improvement of granulocyte function appears to be the best way to prevent and resist utilization of filgrastim, an analogue of human granulocyte colonystimulating factor (G-CSF) has confirmed that treatment with G-CSF can reduce the infectious complications of cytotoxic trial also shows that treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor in patients with postoperative immune suppression is safe and effective in restoring monocytic immune competence[34].